沉积物性质对沉积物微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

沉积物微生物燃料电池(SMFC)作为一种原位修复手段,既能降解沉积物中有机污染物,又可同时输出电能,具有广阔的应用前景.沉积物的来源和特性对于SMFC的产电及污染物降解性能具有重要影响.本研究采用了不同环境的6种沉积物(VS质量分数为3.1%~12.6%)构建SMFC反应器,研究不同沉积物构建的SMFC的产电性能、有机物去除率以及SMFC液相p H值的变化.实验结果显示,在不外加有机碳源的条件下,只有当沉积物的VS含量较高(12.6%)时,SMFC才可实现稳定产电,最大功率密度为39.6 m W·m-2.而当沉积物的VS含量较低(12%)时,SMFC不能实现自发产电.向6种沉积物中投加乙酸钠作为外加碳源,可明显促进产电.在有外加碳源的条件下,具有较高含盐量的沉积物构建的SMFC产电性能较好,其最大功率密度可达到142.3 m W·m-2.试验还发现,以土壤与厌氧污泥为混合底物的SMFC系统的产电功率密度明显低于纯土壤SMFC系统,显示了厌氧污泥对SMFC产电有抑制作用.     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systemswith a viewof recovering energy fromwaste or reducing greenhouse gasemissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sortingmay be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure cocomposting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71 ℃ at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40 ℃ for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle induces oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNP) are increasingly used in biological applications. This study was undertaken to understand the mechanisms underlying adverse effects of CdSNP using human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells. Cellular toxicity was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Results showed that CdSNP reduced mitochondrial function and induced lysosomal activity in concentration and time-dependent manner. CdSNP produced oxidative stress as evidenced by reduction of glutathione (GSH) levels and increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels. Induction of caspase-3 enzymes and condensed, fragmented nuclei was observed in CdSNP-treated cells. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-8, tumor growth factor and DNA fragmentation were significantly higher in CdSNP exposed cells. Data indicated that toxicity of CdSNP noted in A549 cells may be mediated through oxidative stress. This study warrants more comprehensive assessment of CdSNP prior to industrial applications.     

消油剂与120#燃料油对马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pul-cherrimus)抗氧化酶活性的影响

在溢油事故应急处置中,消油剂的使用备受争议。为探究消油剂和溢油对海洋底栖模式生物海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)复合毒性效应,通过WAFs(Water-accommodated fractions)和CEWAFs(Chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions)的96 h暴露实验,测定海胆肠和性腺中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性的变化。实验结果表明:随油水配比浓度的增加,4种酶活性呈现先升高后降低趋势,且酶活性峰值均极显著高于海水对照组水平(P0.01)。肠中4种酶活性最大诱导倍数均高于性腺。相同暴露浓度下,CEWAFs组4种酶活性诱导程度均高于WAFs组。消油剂对照组和海水对照组间4种酶活性则无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

处理垃圾渗滤液的Fe/C空气阴极MFC性能研究

用浸渍法制得硝酸铁/活性炭粉催化剂,通过吸附法将催化剂吸附到碳毡上制作Fe/C催化剂碳毡空气阴极电极.通过改变初始活性炭粉投加量和硝酸铁浓度,考察了两者对以垃圾渗滤液为燃料的MFC产电性能影响;通过循环伏安测试,对不同硝酸铁浓度下自制阴极电极性能进行了评价;在最佳催化条件下考察了装置运行稳定性;并对不同进水COD浓度下同步产电和污水净化性能进行了研究.结果表明,随着活性炭粉投加量或硝酸铁浓度的增加,MFC产电性能均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;当活性炭粉投加量为1 g且硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时,电池性能最佳,功率密度为4 199.8 mW.m-3,表观内阻为465Ω;在硝酸铁和活性炭粉最佳比范围内,MFC的内阻和功率密度分别随着催化剂量的增加而减小和增加;循环伏安测试进一步表明,硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时放电容量最大,且性能稳定;在最佳催化条件下,随着进水COD浓度的增加,MFC产电性能增加,功率密度达5 478.92 mW.m-3,同时COD去除量也增加,最大为1 505.2 mg.L-1,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率最大达89.1%.     

柴油轿车燃用煤基F-T合成油的排放特性

依据GB 18352.3-2005Ⅰ型试验循环,对帕萨特柴油轿车燃用沪四柴油、煤基F-T合成油、体积混合比例分别为10%和50%的煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料的CO、NOx、HC、PM和CO2排放特性进行了试验研究,分析了该车燃用F-T合成油尾气污染物排放的环境影响特性.结果表明,GB 18352.3-2005Ⅰ型试验循环中,该车燃用煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料城区行驶循环排放的CO、HC、PM和CO2相对较高,城郊行驶循环排放的NOx相对较高;与沪四柴油比较,该柴油轿车燃用煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料后,其CO、NOx、HC、PM和CO2排放均有不同程度的降低,且产生气溶胶、酸化、全球变暖等环境影响的潜力减小.煤基F-T合成油是一种较理想的柴油替代/补充燃料.     

微生物燃料电池浸取废旧锂电池的影响因素分析

将MFC的阴极还原能力应用于废旧锂电池正极材料LiCoO_2的还原浸取.构建了以弱酸中LiCoO_2作为化学阴极电子受体的双室MFC,探讨了MFC阴极浸取还原LiCoO_2的可行性,并研究了浸取还原过程中阴极液pH、离子强度、固液比等因素对MFC的产电性能与LiCoO_2浸取效果的影响.实验结果表明:MFC阴极还原LiCoO_2使得固相中Co(III)被还原为液相中Co(II)是可行的,MFC能够持续地输出电压,且MFC优于弱酸浸取效果.阴极液pH值越低,MFC的产电性能和LiCoO_2的浸取效果越明显,阴极液pH为1.0时,MFC的最大输出电压为600 m V,60 h时浸取率达到86.5%;随着阴极液中KCl浓度和固液比(S/L)的增加,MFC输出电压和浸取效率也越高;对影响MFC的影响因素分析讨论得出,阴极液pH值是LiCoO_2还原过程中重要影响因素,因此,在后续的实验设计中要重点考虑pH的影响.     

湿地型微生物燃料电池运行实验研究

为了探究湿地植物、电极间距对湿地型生物燃料产电及污水净化效能的影响,本文选用鸢尾、绿萝、富贵竹和观音竹4种湿地植物构建湿地型生物燃料电池与相同结构无种植湿地植物的燃料电池进行对照.结果表明,有植物的微生物燃料电池的产电性能优于无植物的微生物燃料电池;4种植物微生物燃料电池功率密度由高到低的顺序依次为:鸢尾绿萝富贵竹观音竹.相同绿萝植物的湿地型微生物燃料电池在不同的电极间距下的产电性能不同,间距越小输出电压和功率密度越大.当电极距离为10 cm时,最大功率密度达2.55 W·m~(-3),比20 cm和30 cm分别高约30%和50%.4种湿地植物的湿地型微生物燃料电池对COD的去除率均达80%以上,COD去除效率由高到低的顺序依次为:鸢尾富贵竹观音竹绿萝.